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For statement handles, it always returns zero, because statement handles do not create kids. Returns a hashref of handles. Returns dr for a driver handle, db for a database handle, and st for a statement handle. Should be rarely needed. Returns a reference to an array containing the rows returned by preparing and executing the SQL string.

See the DBI documentation for full details. Returns a reference to a hash containing the rows returned by preparing and executing the SQL string. Returns a reference to an array containing the first column from each rows returned by preparing and executing the SQL string.

It is possible to specify exactly which columns to return. Statements that were legal before may no longer work. See below for details. The prepare method prepares a statement for later execution. PostgreSQL supports prepared statements, which enables DBD::Pg to only send the query once, and simply send the arguments for every subsequent call to "execute". DBD::Pg can use these server-side prepared statements, or it can just send the entire query to the server each time.

The best way is automatically chosen for each query. This will be sufficient for most users: keep reading for a more detailed explanation and some optional flags. Setting this to false means to never use prepared statements. This is the default. In the above example, the first execute will use the previously prepared statement.

The second execute will not, but will build the query into a single string and send it to the server. The third one will act like the first and only send the arguments. Even if you toggle back and forth, a statement is only prepared once. Using prepared statements is in theory quite a bit faster: not only does the PostgreSQL backend only have to prepare the query only once, but DBD::Pg no longer has to worry about quoting each value before sending it to the server.

However, there are some drawbacks. The server cannot always choose the ideal parse plan because it will not know the arguments before hand. But for most situations in which you will be executing similar data many times, the default plan will probably work out well.

Programs such as PgBouncer which cache connections at a low level should not use prepared statements via DBD::Pg, or must take extra care in the application to account for the fact that prepared statements are not shared across database connections.

This number is tracked at the database handle level, so multiple statement handles will not collide. You cannot send more than one command at a time in the same prepare command by separating them with semi-colons when using server-side prepares. A server-side prepare may happen before the first "execute" , but only if the server can handle the server-side prepare, and the statement contains no placeholders. There are times when you may want to prepare a statement yourself.

The statement handle can be created with a dummy statement, as it will not be executed. However, it should have the same number of placeholders as your prepared statement.

This is not recommended, but is added just in case you need it. There are three types of placeholders that can be used in DBD::Pg. The first is the "question mark" type, in which each placeholder is represented by a single question mark character. This is the method recommended by the DBI specs and is the most portable. The second type of placeholder is "dollar sign numbers". This is the method that Postgres uses internally and is overall probably the best method to use if you do not need compatibility with other database systems.

Numbers must start with "1" and increment by one value but can appear in any order within the query. If the same number appears more than once in a query, it is treated as a single parameter and all instances are replaced at once. In the final statement above, DBI thinks there is only one placeholder, so this statement will replace both placeholders:.

The final placeholder type is "named parameters" in the format ":foo". While this syntax is supported by DBD::Pg, its use is discouraged in favor of dollar-sign numbers. The different types of placeholders cannot be mixed within a statement, but you may use different ones for each statement handle you have. This is confusing at best, so stick to one style within your program.

If your queries use operators that contain question marks e. First, you may simply add a backslash before the start of a placeholder, and DBD::Pg will strip the backslash and not treat the character as a placeholder.

It should be noted that placeholders only work when used outside of a literal string context; i. Implemented by DBI, no driver-specific impact. Prepare and execute a single statement. Returns the number of rows affected if the query was successful, returns undef if an error occurred, and returns -1 if the number of rows is unknown or not available.

Note that this method will return 0E0 instead of 0 for 'no rows were affected', in order to always return a true value if no error occurred. Note that an empty statement a string with no length will not be passed to the server; if you want a simple test, use "SELECT " or the "ping" method. Attempts to return the id of the last value to be inserted into a table.

You can either provide a sequence name preferred or provide a table name with optional schema, and DBD::Pg will attempt to find the sequence itself. This will fail if the sequence has not yet been used in the current database connection. If you do not know the name of the sequence, you can provide a table name and DBD::Pg will attempt to return the correct value. If more than one column meets these conditions, the primary key will be used.

This involves some looking up of things in the system table, so DBD::Pg will cache the sequence name for subsequent calls. Please keep in mind that this method is far from foolproof, so make your script use it properly.

Specifically, make sure that it is called immediately after the insert, and that the insert does not add a value to the column that is using the sequence as a default value. However, because we are using sequences, you can be sure that the value you got back has not been used by any other process. Issues a COMMIT to the server, indicating that the current transaction is finished and that all changes made will be visible to other processes. Returns true on success, false on error.

See also the section on "Transactions". Returns true on success, and false on error. See also the the section on "Transactions". This method turns on transactions until the next call to "commit" or "rollback" , if AutoCommit is currently enabled. Disconnects from the Postgres database. Any uncommitted changes will be rolled back upon disconnection.

It's good policy to always explicitly call commit or rollback at some point before disconnecting, rather than relying on the default rollback behavior. This method may give warnings about "disconnect invalidates X active statement handle s ". If the script exits before disconnect is called or, more precisely, if the database handle is no longer referenced by anything , then the database handle's DESTROY method will call the rollback and disconnect methods automatically.

It is best to explicitly disconnect rather than rely on this behavior. This module implements its own quote method. For simple string types, both backslashes and single quotes are doubled. You may also quote arrayrefs and receive a string suitable for passing into Postgres array columns.

If the value contains backslashes, and the server is version 8. This syntax is always used when quoting bytea values on servers 8.

To quote a Postgres-specific data type, you must use a 'hashref' argument like so:. Returns a quoted version of the supplied string, which is commonly a schema, table, or column name.

The three argument form will return the schema and the table together, separated by a dot. Looks for any asynchronous notifications received and returns either undef or a reference to a three-element array consisting of an event name, the PID of the backend that sent the NOTIFY command, and the optional payload string.

You may need to commit if not in autocommit mode - new notices will not be picked up while in the middle of a transaction. An example:. Payloads will always be an empty string unless you are connecting to a Postgres server version 9. The ping method determines if there is a working connection to an active database server. It does this by sending a small query to the server, currently 'DBD::Pg ping test v3.

It returns 0 false if the connection is not valid, otherwise it returns a positive number true. The value returned indicates the current state:. This is a DBD::Pg-specific extension to the "ping" method. This will check the validity of a database handle in exactly the same way as ping , but instead of returning a 0 for an invalid connection, it will return a negative number.

So in addition to returning the positive numbers documented for ping , it may also return the following:.

It takes a single argument, indicating which field to return. The value returned will be undef if the previous command was not an error, or if the field is not applicable to the current error. The literal names on that page can be used e. Returns all tables and views visible to the current user. Using all is the default action. Note that a statement handle is returned, and not a direct list of tables. See the examples below for ways to handle this.

Tables that have not been assigned to a particular tablespace or views will return NULL undef for both of the above field. Supported by this driver as proposed by DBI with the follow exceptions.

These fields are currently always returned with NULL undef values:. Supported by this driver as proposed by DBI. This method will also return tablespace information for servers that support tablespaces.

Returns a list of the column names that comprise the primary key of the specified table. The list is in primary key column sequence order. If there is no primary key then an empty list is returned. Returns a statement handle that can be fetched from to give statistics information on a specific table and its indexes. For information on the format of the standard rows returned, please see the DBI documentation.

Postgres allows indexes on functions and scalar expressions based on one or more columns. Postgres since version 11 allows including non-key columns in indexes so they can be retrieved by index-only scans. This field will be false for such columns, and true for normal index columns.

For columns of indexes that support ordering, this field will be first or last , otherwise it will be undef ;. The name of the schema appears before the table or view name. Information is only provided for SQL datatypes and for frequently used datatypes. See the DBI documentation for more details.

Writes debugging information from the PostgreSQL backend to a file. This is not related to the DBI "trace" method and you should not use this method unless you know what you are doing. If you do enable this, be aware that the file will grow very large, very quick. The first argument must be a file handle, not a filename. Returns an array of row information after preparing and executing the provided SQL string. The string can also be a statement handle generated by a previous prepare.

Note that only the first row of data is returned. If called in a scalar context, only the first column of the first row is returned. Because this is not portable, it is not recommended that you use this method in that way.

Creates a copy of the database handle by connecting with the same parameters as the original handle, then trying to merge the attributes. See the DBI documentation for complete usage. Without starting a transaction, every change to the database becomes immediately permanent. The default of AutoCommit is on, but this may change in the future, so it is highly recommended that you explicitly set it when calling "connect".

For details see the notes about "Transactions" elsewhere in this document. Ignored unless inside a do method call. This allows for correct reporting of values bound to placeholders to the caller, should the query fail see ShowErrorStatement. DBD::Pg specific attribute. If true, boolean values will be returned as the characters 't' and 'f' instead of '1' and '0'. Specifies if the current database connection should be in read-only mode or not.

In this mode, changes that change the database are not allowed and will throw an error. Note: this method will not work if "AutoCommit" is true.

For more details, please see:. Please not that this method is not foolproof: there are still ways to update the database. Indicates if DBD::Pg should attempt to use server-side prepared statements. The default value, true, indicates that prepared statements should be used whenever possible. See the section on the "prepare" method for more information.

In other words, when it will start using server-side prepared statements assuming all other requirements for them are met.

The default value, 2, means that a prepared statement will be prepared and used the second and subsequent time execute is called. When true, question marks inside of statements are not treated as placeholders. Useful for statements that contain unquoted question marks, such as geometric operators. Note that you may also simply escape question marks with a backslash to prevent them from being treated as placeholders.

When true, colons inside of statements are not treated as placeholders. Useful for statements that contain an array slice. You may also place a backslash directly before the colon to prevent it from being treated as a placeholder.

The behavior of DBD::Pg with regards to this flag has changed as of version 3. Use of this default is highly encouraged. Sets the amount of information returned by the server's error messages. Valid entries are 0, 1, and 2.

Any other number will be forced to the default value of 1. A value of 0 "TERSE" will show severity, primary text, and position only and will usually fit on a single line. In other words, which libraries were used. Returns a number with major, minor, and revision together; version 8. Indicates which version of PostgreSQL that the current database handle is connected to.

Returns the name of the current database. This is the same as the DSN, without the "dbi:Pg:" part. Before version 2. From version 2. Returns the host of the current server connection. Locally connected hosts will return an empty string.

Returns the file description number of the connection socket to the server. Returns the command-line options passed to the server. May be an empty string. Returns the process id PID of the backend server process handling the connection. Default is off. If true, then the "prepare" method will immediately prepare commands, rather than waiting until the first execute. Defaults to true. If false, arrays returned from the server will not be changed into a Perl arrayref, but remain as a string.

Returns the current status of an asynchronous command. Returns true if the server is currently using standard conforming strings. Only available if the target server is version 8. Holds the handle of the parent driver. The only recommended use for this is to find the name of the driver using:.

Returns the version of the PostgreSQL server. If DBD::Pg is unable to figure out the version, it will return a "0". Otherwise, a "3" is returned. This is especially important when using server-side prepares. See the "prepare" method for more information. If using ":foo" style placeholders, the complete name e. See the examples below. A value of undef will bind a NULL to the placeholder.

Using undef is useful when you want to change just the type and will be overwriting the value later. Any value is actually usable, but undef is easy and efficient. The default value is "varchar". This will import some constants into your script.

Some common ones that you will encounter are:. The current list of Postgres data types exported is:. Data types are "sticky," in that once a data type is set to a certain placeholder, it will remain for that placeholder, unless it is explicitly set to something else afterwards. If the statement has already been prepared, and you switch the data type to something else, DBD::Pg will re-prepare the statement for you before doing the next execute.

Experimental support for this feature is provided. The second argument should be a reference to a scalar variable in your script. The third argument is not used and should simply be set to 0. Note that what this really does is assign a returned column to the variable, in the order in which the column appears. Note that the variables bound in this manner are very sticky, and will trump any values passed in to execute.

This is because the binding is done as late as possible, at the execute stage, allowing the value to be changed between the time it was bound and the time the query is executed. Thus, the above execute is the same as:. Executes a previously prepared statement. INTO table statements. DBD::Pg also supports passing in arrays to execute: simply pass in an arrayref, and DBD::Pg will flatten it into a string suitable for input on the backend.

If you are using Postgres version 8. Fetches the next row of data from the statement handle, and returns a reference to an array holding the column values. Any columns that are NULL are returned as undef within the array. If there are no more rows or if an error occurs, then this method return undef.

Note that the same array reference is returned for each fetch, so don't store the reference and then use it after a later fetch. Also, the elements of the array are also reused for each row, so take care if you want to take a reference to an element. Do not use this in a scalar context. Fetches the next row of data and returns a hashref containing the name of the columns as the keys and the data itself as the values.

Any NULL value is returned as an undef value. Returns a reference to an array of arrays that contains all the remaining rows to be fetched from the statement handle. If there are no more rows, an empty arrayref will be returned. If an error occurs, the data read in so far will be returned. Returns a hashref containing all rows to be fetched from the statement handle.

See the DBI documentation for a full discussion. Indicates to DBI that you are finished with the statement handle and are not going to use it again. Only needed when you have not fetched all the possible rows. Returns the number of rows returned by the last query. Note that the "execute" method itself returns the number of rows itself, which means that this method is rarely needed.

Column numbers count up from 1. You do not need to bind output columns in order to fetch data. This method is designed as a handy utility for prototyping and testing queries.

Supported by DBD::Pg. This method seems to be heavily influenced by the current implementation of blobs in Oracle. Nevertheless we try to be as compatible as possible. Whereas Oracle suffers from the limitation that blobs are related to tables and every table can have only one blob datatype LONG , PostgreSQL handles its blobs independent of any table by using so-called object identifiers. Here the field parameter has been used to handle this object identifier.

The offset and len parameters may be set to zero, in which case the whole blob is fetched at once. See also the PostgreSQL-specific functions concerning blobs, which are available via the func interface. DBD::Pg specific method. It returns Oid of table and position in table for every column in result set. Returns array of arrays with Table Oid and Column Position for every column in result set or undef if current column is not a simple reference.

It returns array of original or canonical names from where this data is actually came from of columns in Schema. Column format or undef if current column is not a simple reference.

Note that this method is quite slow because it need additional information from server for every column that is simple reference. Returns the number of columns returned by the current statement.

This method returns undef if called before execute. Returns an arrayref of column names for the current statement. The same as the NAME attribute, except that all column names are forced to lower case.